Montesquieu’s doctrine of separation of powers divides state authority among the legislature, executive and judiciary to prevent concentration of power. This article examines the doctrine in the United States and Pakistan, judicial review, institutional overlap, the influence of bureaucracy, media and advisory bodies, and the need for clearer constitutional boundaries among state organs.Read More

Civil-military relations are a key indicator of democratic quality and institutional balance. This article applies the ideas of Samuel Huntington and Morris Janowitz to Pakistan, examines the country’s colonial legacy and causes of military intervention, and discusses lessons from Turkey for strengthening civilian supremacy and democratic governance.Read More