Montesquieu’s doctrine of separation of powers divides state authority among the legislature, executive and judiciary to prevent concentration of power. This article examines the doctrine in the United States and Pakistan, judicial review, institutional overlap, the influence of bureaucracy, media and advisory bodies, and the need for clearer constitutional boundaries among state organs.Read More

Constitutional Crisis Pakistan, Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Article 5, Article 58, Article 95, Article 63A, Article 69, No Confidence Motion Pakistan, Supreme Court Pakistan, Doctrine of Necessity, Imran Khan No Confidence Motion, Qasim Suri Ruling, Political Instability Pakistan, Constitutional History Pakistan, Judiciary Pakistan, CSS Pakistan AffairsRead More

Pakistan’s Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 was introduced to protect a historically marginalised community from discrimination and to secure rights relating to identity, education, employment, healthcare, inheritance and public participation. The article also reviews major criticisms concerning terminology, self-perceived gender identity, implementation gaps, penal provisions and social acceptance.Read More

Pakistan’s political polarization has deepened divisions across society, institutions and the economy. This article examines elite confrontation, constitutional crises, misinformation, institutional tensions and the wider costs for national integration, governance, economic stability and Pakistan’s international standing.Read More