Montesquieu’s doctrine of separation of powers divides state authority among the legislature, executive and judiciary to prevent concentration of power. This article examines the doctrine in the United States and Pakistan, judicial review, institutional overlap, the influence of bureaucracy, media and advisory bodies, and the need for clearer constitutional boundaries among state organs.Read More

Pakistan’s political polarization has deepened divisions across society, institutions and the economy. This article examines elite confrontation, constitutional crises, misinformation, institutional tensions and the wider costs for national integration, governance, economic stability and Pakistan’s international standing.Read More